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苏教版初中英语知识点总结

发布时间:2020-10-16 07:46:19 浏览数:

  :动词的分类

  重要注解:

  (1) 关于实义动词:

  ① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类:

  后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词;本身意义完整,后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。

  ② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如:go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。

  有些动词通常用作及物动词。如:say, raise, lay, find, buy等。

  ③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如:study, sing等。

  ④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如:know, wash等。

  ⑤ 有些动词常和介词 、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组,形成短语动词。如:listen,reply,wait,look.

  (2) 关于连系动词:

  ① 连系动词用来连接主语和表语,连系动词后面常为形容词。

  ② 常见的连系动词有:be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。

  ③ 有些连系动词来源于实义动词,意思也跟着变化:look(看看起来)、feel(感觉、摸感到)、 smell(闻、嗅闻起来)、taste(尝尝起来)、turn(翻转、转动变得)、grow(生长变得)、get(得到、到达变得)、go(去变得),所不同的是,作为实义动词时,后面不能跟形容词。

  [注释]

  become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别:become表示变成,比较正式,通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成,但是更加口语化,通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示变得,常见于某些短语中,后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示是、成为、当,多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示变得,常指逐渐的变化,表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示变得,指变为与原先不同的情况,通常指颜色等变化。如:I was caught in the rain and I became ill.(我淋雨感冒了)/ He has got rich.(他变富了)/ He will be a scientist in the future.(将来他将成为科学家)/ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year.(在过去的一年里我的弟弟长得高多了)/ The sandwich has gone bad.(那块三明治已经变坏)/ Her face turned red after her mother criticized(批评) her.(妈妈批评了他以后他的脸变红了)

  (3) 关于助动词:

  ①常见的助动词有:用于进行时和被动语态的be (am, is, are ,was, were, been, being ) ;用于完成时的have(has,had,having) ;用于将来时的shall (should) ; will (would)和用于一般时的do(does,did) .

  ②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致,也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式,其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如:shall, will, should, would.

  (4) 关于情态动词:

  ①常见的情态动词有:can (could) ,may (might), must ,shall (should), will (would), dare (dared) , need等,另外,have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。

  ②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中, 在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时,常用can代替may。情态动词can的过去式是could,否定式是cannot通常缩写成cant,could的否定式是could not,通常缩写成couldnt。如:Can I help you(要帮忙吗)/ He can swim.(他会游泳)/ That cant be Mr Li.(那不可能是李先生)

  ③ may表示允许、请求或可能性,用may提问时,肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes,you may.;否定回答一般用cant或mustnt. 如:May I ask you a questionCertainly.(可以问你一个问题吗当然可以)/ You may go now.(现在你可以走了)/ It may be in your pocket.(它可能在你的衣袋里)

  ④ must表示必须、一定的意思。表示必须时否定形式是mustnt;表示一定时,否定形式是cant 如:We must be very careful when we cross the road.(我们过马路时一定要非常小心)/ It must be Jack.(那准是杰克)/ I havent seen Kate today. She cant be here.(我今天没有看到过凯特,她不可能在这里)

  [注意]用must(必须)进行提问时,肯定回答用must,否定回答用neednt;用must(一定)进行提问时,肯定回答仍用must,但是否定回答用cant.如:Must we clean the room before we leave Yes,you must.或No,you neednt.(我们走之前必须要打扫房间吗是的,必须打扫。/ 不,不需要。) / Must she be in the romm Yes,she must.或No,she cant.(她一定在房间里吗是的,一定。/ 不,不可能在。)

  ⑤ have to表示不得不、必须。Well have to leave now for it is very late at night.

  have to的疑问形式是:助动词++have to,否定形式是:助动词+not+have to或者用neednt.如:Do you have to stay until 8 oclock(你得呆到8点钟吗)/ You dont have to do so.(=You neednt do so.)(你不用这么做)

  ⑥ shall在问句中,可表示征求对方意见,与第一人称连用;在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示命令、警告、允许等。如:Shall we go to the zoo this weekend(我们这个周末去动物园好吗)/ He shall bring his own book next time.(他下次必须带自己的书来)

  ⑦ should可表示劝告、建议、惊奇等意思。We should speak to old people politely.(我们应该礼貌地对老人讲话)

  ⑧ will表示意愿、决心等意思,一般与第二人称连用。如:Will you please close the door for me(请你替我把门关上好吗)/ I will teach you a lesson.(我要教训你一顿)

  ⑨would表示过去的意愿、决心等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.(每次他回到家中总要坐在火炉边)

  would也可以表示现在的情况,表达说话人向对方提出的要求,语气比will婉转、客气。在日常会话中,我想要通常用I would like to或I should(Id) like to来表示。如:Would you like to have a rest at the moment(你现在想要休息一下吗)

  would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如:Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.(每一年父母们总是向孩子们讲述这个将会拯救他的人民的男孩的事)

  ⑩ need表示需要,用于疑问句或否定句。need作实义动词时,在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如:He neednt do it in such a hurry.(他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事)/ He needs some help.(他需要一些帮助)/ He doesnt need to bring his football socks then.(那么他就无须带上足球袜了)

  ⑾ dare是敢的意思,用法几乎与need完全相同,即在疑问句和否定句中,可以作情态动词,后面用不带to的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样,后面的动词不定式要带to。How dare you say I am a fool(你竟敢说我是个傻瓜)/ He didnt dare to touch the red button.(他不敢触碰那个红色的按钮)

  ⑿ d better (do)(最好是)一般也当作情态动词使用,否定式是:d better not (do). 如:Youd better sit here and say nothing.(你最好坐在这儿不讲话)/ Youd better not speak because he is sleeping.(你最好不要讲话因为他正在睡觉)

  :动词词形变化

  (1)规则动词变化表:

  注意:①在加ing或ed时动词如果以r结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,r应双写。

  ②s/es的读音规则:在清辅音后读[s];在浊辅音后和元音后读[z];在[ s ]、[ F]、[z]、[tF]、[dV]后读[iz].

  ③ed的读音规则:在清辅音后读[t];在浊辅音后和元音后读[d];在[t]、[d]后读[id].

  (2)不规则动词变化表:( 原形 过去式 过去分词)

  :be动词的各种时态变化

  注意:句型变化时,

  否定句在am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 后面加not,而且not都可以缩写为nt (am后面not不可以缩写);

  疑问句将am /is /are /will /have /has /was /were /had /would 提前到句首。

  :八种时态的具体用法

  (1) 一般现在时 表示现阶段经常或习惯发生的动作或存在的状态,或说明主语的特征。

  ① 一般现在时句子中常有的时间状语:often,usually,sometimes,always,every (day等), once/twice,a (week等), on (Sunday等),never,in the (morning等)。如:They go to the Palace Museum once a year.(他们每年去一次故宫)/ They often discuss business in the evening.(他们经常在晚上商谈生意)

  ② 表示客观真理、事实、人的技能或现在的状态时句子里一般不用时间状语。如:The earth turns round the sun.(地球绕着太阳转)/ Light travels faster than sound.(光传播比声音快)

  ③ 表示十分确定会发生(如安排好的事情)或按照时间表进行的事情,用一般现在可以表达将来,句子中可以有将来时间。如:The train for Haikou leaves at 8:00 in the morning.(开往汉口的列车上午8点开车)

  ④ 在时间状语从句中(以when, after, before, while, until, as soon as等引导)和条件状语从句中(以if,unless引导),用一般现在时代替一般将来时,句子可以有将来时间。如:Please ring me up as soon as you arrive in Germany.(你一到德国就给我打电话) / If it rains tomorrow,we will have to stay at home.(如果明天下雨我们就只好呆在家)

  ⑤ 一般现在时用于倒装句中可以表示正在发生的动作,动词以come, go为主。如:Here comes the bus. (车来了) / There goes the bell.(铃响了)。

  ⑥ 一般现在时常用于体育比赛的解说或寓言故事中。Now the midfield player catches the ball and he keeps it.

  ⑦ 人的心理活动和感官动作一般用一般现在时而不用现在进行时表达,常见动词有:like, love, hate, dislike, want, wish, hope, think(认为),understand, remember, forget, mean, need, hear, feel, see. 如:I think it is going to snow.(我想天要下雪了)/ I really hope you can enjoy your stay here.(我真的希望你愉快地呆在这儿)

  (2) 一般过去时 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,这种动作或状态可能是一次性,也可能经常

  发生。

  ① 表示过去具体时刻发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:at (eight) (yesterday morning),(ten minutes) ago, when引导的时间状语从句。如:I got up at 6:00 this morning.(我是早上六点钟起床的)/ Little Tom broke the window at half past nine this morning.(小汤姆今天早上九点半把窗子打破了)/ When he went into the room,he saw a stranger talking with his father.(他走进房间时发现一个陌生人正和他父亲谈话)

  ② 表示过去一段时间内不知何时发生的一次性动作时,时间状语有:yesterday, last (year等), in (1998 等)。如:He came to our city in the year 2000.(他2000年来到我们市)

  ③ 表示过去一个阶段中经常发生的事情时,时间状语有:last, in, fromto, for(10 years),often,usually, sometimes, always, never等。如:Mr Jackson usually went to evening schools when he was young. / Every day he went to the rich man and borrowed books from him.

  ④ 讲故事、对过去经历的回忆、双方都明白的过去事件等一般用过去时,而且经常省略时间状语。如:I happened to meet Rose in the street.(我正好在街上遇到露西)

  (3) 一般将来时 表示将来某一时刻或经常发生的动作或状态。

  ①一般将来时的时间状语有:tomorrow,this (afternoon),next (year),one day,now,soon, someday,sometime, in the future, when引导的从句等。

  ② 用will构成的将来时,表示动作与人的主观愿望无关。shall用于第一人称,will 用于所有人称。如:I will graduate from this school soon.(我很快就要从这所中学毕业了)/ You will stay alone after I leave.(我走了之后你就要一个人过了)

  ③ am/is/are going to+动词原形表示打算或准备要做的事情,或者主观判断即将要发生的事情,而am/is/are to +动词原形表示安排或计划中的动作。如:A man told them that the woman was to give birth to the special baby.(有一个人告诉他们那个妇女就会生下那个特别的男孩)/ Its going to rain soon.(天快要下雨了)

  ④ 表示一个人临时决定要做某事,可以用will表达。如:I will go to the lab to get some

  chemicals(化学药剂). So please wait until I return.(我要到化学实验室去取些药品,请等我回头)

  ⑤ 现在进行时、一般现在时也可以表示将来。(见相应时态)

  ⑥ shall和will 在口语的一些疑问句中相当于情态动词。Shall一般与第一人称连用,will与第二人称连用。如:Shall we go to the zoo next Saturday(我们下周六去动物园好吗)/ Will you please open the door for me(替我把门打开好吗)

  ⑦ be to +动词原形表示按照计划将要发生的事情。如:An angel came to tell her that she was to have this special boy.

  (4)现在进行时 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作或是现阶段正发生而此刻不一定在进行的动作。

  ① 现在进行时由助动词be (am is are ) +现在分词构成。

  ② 现在进行时的时间状语有: now, this , these等,但经常不用。如:What are you doing up in the tree(你在树上干什么)/ I am writing a long novel these days.(我最近在写一本长篇小说)

  ③ 表示即将发生的动作,一般指近期安排好的事情。常见的动词有:come, go, stay, leave, spend, do等。如:Im coming now.(我就来)/ What are you doing tomorrow(你明天干什么)/ He is leaving soon.(他就要走了)

  ④ 表示频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He is always borrowing money from me and forgetting all about it some time later.(他老是向我借钱,过一些时候就忘得一干二净)

  (5)过去进行时 过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作。

  ① 过去进行时由was(第一、三人称单数)或were(第二人称单数和各人称的复数)+现在分词构成。

  ② 过去进行时的时间状语有:then, at that time, this time yesterday, at (eight) yesterday (morning),(a year) ago, 以及由when引出的时间状语从句。如:He was cooking supper this time yesterday.(昨天这个时候他正在做晚饭)/ The little girl was playing with her toy when I saw her.(我看到小女孩的时候她正在玩玩具)

  ③ 用于宾语从句或时间状语从句中,表示与主句动作同时进行而且是延续时间较长。句子中通常不用时间状语。如:She was it happen when she was walking past.(她路过时看到事情的发生)/ They sang a lot of songs while they were walking in the dark forest.(他们在黑暗的森林里走时唱了很多歌)

  ④ 也可以表示过去一个阶段频繁发生或反复进行的动作,常与always等频度副词连用,以表示赞扬、不满或讨厌等感情色彩。如:He was always borrowing money from me when he lived here.(他住在这里时老向我借钱)

  (6)现在完成时 现在完成时表示一个发生在过去的、对现在仍有影响的动作,或表示开始在过去,并且一直延续到现在,甚至还可能延续下去的动作。

  ①在完成时由助动词have (has)+动词的过去分词构成。

  ②表示发生在过去的对现在仍有影响的动作时,时间状语有:already, yet, just, once, twice,ever, never,three times, before等。如:I have never seen such fine pictures before. (我以前从来没有看过这么好的画)/ He has just gone to England.(他刚去英国)

  ③表示在过去开始一直延续到现在(可能延续下去)的动作或状态时,时间状语有:for (two years),since 1990, since (two weeks ago)和since引导的状语从句。如:I have been away from my hometown for thirty years.(我离开家乡有30年了)/ Uncle Wang has worked in the factory since it opened.(自从这家工厂开张,王叔叔一直在那儿工作)

  ④口语中have got往往表示have(有)的意思。如:They have got thousands of books in their library.(他们图书馆有上万本书)

  ⑤have been to与have gone to的区别:have gone to(已经去了)表示人不在这里,have been to(去过)表示人在这里。如:--Where is Mr Li He has gone to the UK.(李先生在哪里他去了英国。)/ --Do you know something about Beijing Yes,I have been to Beijing three times. (你知道北京的情况吗是的,我去过那里三次。)

  ⑥在完成时中,一个瞬间性动词(一次性动作)不能与表示一段时间的状语连用,此时须将该瞬间动词改为延续性动词或状态动词。

  [注意] 在其它的时态中也存在类似问题,记住,关键是:瞬间动词不能和表达一段时间的状语连用。如:How long may I keep the book(这本书我能借多久)(句子中keep取代了borrow)

  (7) 过去完成时 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作发生之前已经完成的动作。简言之, 过去完成时所表示的时间是过去的过去。

  ①过去完成时由助动词had+动词的过去分词构成。

  ②过去完成时时间状语有:by (yesterday), by then, by the end of (last)或者由when,before等引出状语从句。有时句子中会有already, just, once, ever, never等词语,也会有for 或since构成的时间状语。如:They had already finished cleaning the classroom when their teacher came.(当老师来的时候他们已经打扫完了教室)/ The woman had left before he realized she was a cheat.(在他发觉那个妇女是个骗子时她已经走掉了)

  ③过去完成时常用于宾语从句中、after引导的从句中,或者从句是before引导的主句中。如:After I had put on my shoes and hat,I walked into the darkness.(我穿上鞋子戴上帽子走进了黑暗之中)/ He said that he had never seen a kangaroo before.(他说他以前从来没有见过袋鼠)

  (8) 过去将来时 过去将来时表示在过去预计将要发生的动作或存在的状态。

  ①过去将来时由助动词should(第一人称)或would(第二、三人称)+动词原形构成。在美国英语中,过去将来时的助动词一律用would +动词原形。

  ②过去将来时常由于宾语从句中,时间状语有:later, soon, the next (day).

  ③在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中不可以使用过去将来时,而应该使用一般过去时。如:He promised that he would pay me a lot if I helped him with the project.(他答应付给我许多钱如果我帮助他搞那个项目)/ Every time when he was free,he would sit down and read some books.(每次只要他有空他就会坐下来看看书)

  ④表示纯粹的将来时用would或should,表示打算或主观认为的事情用was/were going to (+动词原形)。如:She told me she would be 18 the next month.(她告诉我她下个月就18岁了)/ She told me that she was going to have a walk with her pet dog.(她告诉我她打算带她的宠物狗去散步)

  ⑤过去将来时还可以表示一个过去经常性的动作。如:When it rained in the day, he would bring an umbrella with him.(白天下雨时他会随身带一把雨伞)

  (9)现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时指一个从过去就开始一直延续到现在并由可能继续下去的动作,它具有现在完成时和现在进行时双重特征,结构是:have/has + been +动词的现在分词。如:I have been swimming in the cold water for about two hours.(我已经在冰冷的水里游了将近两个小时)/ How long have you been waiting here(你在这里一直等了多久)

  6、被动语态:

  (1)被动语态定义:被动语态是动词的一种特殊形式,用来说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系。如果主语是 动作的执行者(即某人做某事),便叫主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者(即某事被做),便叫被动语态。主动与被动的区别不是词序的区别,而是主语与谓语意义上的区别。在英语中只有及物动词和一些相当于及物动词的词组才有被动语态的形式。

  (2)英语中被动语态由助动词be +动词的过去分词构成。助动词be有时态、人称和数的变化。被动语态后的by短语有时可省去。具体结构见下表:

  [注] p.p.表示过去分词。

  (1) 被动语态的用法:

  ① 不知道谁是动作的执行者(即不知道谁做)时用被动语态,省略by短语。如:A man was killed in the accident.(一个人死于事故)/ This window was broken yesterday.(这扇窗子是昨天被打破的)

  ②不说或者众所周知是谁做时,用被动语态,省略by短语。如:Rice is also grown in this place.(这个地方也种水稻)/ A railroad will be built here in three years.(三年之后这里将要修建一条铁路)

  ③强调动作的承受者,句尾加by短语。如:It was written by Lu Xun.(它(书)是鲁迅写的)/ A pet dog is never killed by its owner.(宠物狗是不会被主人宰杀的)

  (2) 主动语态如何改写为被动语态:

  (3) 注意点:

  ①动词+间接宾语+直接宾语改为被动时,可以用间接宾语做被动句的主语。如:

  His teacher gave him a dictionary.He was given a dictionary by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典他得到老师一本字典)

  也可以用直接宾语做被动句的主语,但是需用to或者for引出原句的间接宾语。如:His teacher gave him a dictionary.A dictionary was given to him by his teacher.(老师给他一本字典一本字典由老师送给了他)/His father made him a kite.A kite was made for him by his father.(他的父亲给他做了一个风筝一个风筝由他的父亲做给了他)

  ②动词+宾语+动词原形改为被动时,动词原形前要加to.如:The boss made the poor man work 12 hours a day.The poor man was made to work 12 hours a day.(老板让这个可怜的人一天工作12小时这个可怜人被迫一天工作12小时)

  ③动词++介词改为被动时,介词一般在原位不动。如:The girl takes good care of her little brother.The girls little brother is taken good care of by her.(女孩照顾小弟弟女孩的小弟弟由她照顾着)

  ④be+过去分词未必表示被动语态,而可能是系表结构。如:

  He is pleased / worried / tired /.(系表)(他高兴/焦虑/疲劳)

  He was hit / knocked down / told / shot / .(被动)(他被击中/撞倒/关照/射中)

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