"The id is... the primary source of all psychic energy. It functions to fulfill the primordial life principle"(Guerin et al.129).

　Wilde's poetic play can be seen as a process by which Salome's sensual thirst is fnally satisfied by possessing jokanaan's severed head, the symbol of an empty body without a soul.(Xiaoyi Zhou,146)

　Salome and jokanaan represent two opposite poles which are in confrontation throughout the play.(Xiaoyi Zhou,146)

　Richard ellmann， in his essay'Overtures to Salome'(1968), observes that behind the figures of Jokanaan and Salome lurks the shadow of wilde's spiritual mentors-Ruskin and Pater. Jokanaan suggests ' Ruskinism as Wilde understood that pole of his character', while Salome's 'perverse sensuality is related to Paterism'(Ellmann, 1969, 89-90)

　In this play, Wilde sets up the binary opposition in extremely contradictory terms. Salome suggests eroticism, sensuality, and first and formost, a flaming desire for the body By contrast, in jokanaan one sees spirituality and religious asceticism which can be regarded as the attributes of the soul. The most fascinating idea expressed in the play is that Jokanaan, the Baptist and prophet, although possessing holy spiritual power, is always obssessed with , or suppressed by, the 'evil force' of Salome(Xiaoyi Zhou,147)

　As Erich Fromm in Sigmund Freud's Mission points out that Freud gives a death beat to rationalism that the human unconsciouness is the source of action. It lies in unobservable depth. However ,the human consciouness control a tiny portion of the action ,therefore, the unconsciouness destroys the blue print designed by human reason.(Erich Fromm）

　Psychological motivation of literary creation, and psychlogical analysisi of the characters is the main task of Freud's literary criticism.

　Ellmann , Richard(ed.)(1969):Oscar Wilde: A colection of critical Essays, New Jersy: Prentice-Hall.

　Xiaoyi Zhou ,Beyond Aesthticism Oscar Wilde and Consumer Society. Peking University press ,Beijing,1996

　Erich Fromm， Sigmund Freud's Mission，1972

　Contents

　Part 1 introduction

　Psychoanalytic Criticism& Freud theory ---unconscious, Freudian tripartiton

　Wilde, Salome,Aestheticism,

　Part 2 the id,

　Part3 the superego

　Part4 absence of the ego

　Part 5 Conclusion

　Part 6 References

　Wilde favoured colorful costumes in marked contrast to the sober black suits of the late -Victorian middle classes. A green carnation in his buttonhole and velvet knee breeches became for Wilde badges of his youthful iconoclasm.(Abrams et al.1616)

　 By the spring of 1895 this triumphant successes suddenly crumbled when Wilde was arrested and sentenced to jail, with labor ,for two years. Wilde had been married for several years and was the father of two children at the time of his meeting (in 1891) the handsome young poet Lord Alfred Douglas, with whom he established a homosexual relationship that was to prove a disaster for him.(Abrams et al.1617)

　The revolution of feeling against him in England and in America was violet, and the aesthetic movement itself suffered a severe setback not only with the public but among writers as well.(Abrams et al.1617)

　His prose confession De Profundis(1905),in which he said：

　Tired of being on the height . I deliberatedly went to the depths in the search for new sensation.

　 I ended in horrible disgrace. There is only one thing for me now, absolute humility.(Abrams et al.1617)

　 He advocated for the philosophy of the Aesthetic: art should exist solely for art's sake, or, as he wrote elsewhere, it should be "useless." (Biography of Oscar Wilde (1854-1900))

　He also experimented with cutting-edge fashion and experimented with homosexuality.

　Preferring to explore his own thoughts about art and politics through idiosyncratic readings of Plato, Shakespeare, and contemporary painting, Wilde's social circle featured a diverse cast of characters, among them poets, painters, theater personalities, intellectuals, and London "rent boys" (male prostitutes). His closest friend, however, remained the Canadian critic and artist Robert Ross, who at times handled Wilde's publicity and acted as Wilde's confidant in his professional and personal affairs.

　In 1891, Wilde became infatuated with the beautiful young poet Lord Alfred Douglas (known as "Bosie"). The dynamic between Bosie and Wilde was unstable at the best of times, and the pair often split for months before agreeing to reunite. Still, the relationship consumed Wilde's personal life, to the extent that the sexual nature of their friendship had become a matter of public knowledge.

　In mid-1891 Lionel Johnson introduced Wilde to Alfred Douglas, an undergraduate at Oxford at the time. Known to his family and friends as "Bosie", he was a handsome and spoilt young man. An intimate friendship sprang up between Wilde and Douglas and by 1893 Wilde was infatuated with Douglas and they consorted together regularly in a tempestuous affair.(Oscar Wilde)

　In some psychoanalytic and classical terms, desire is due to a lack or absence. That is, people desire what they feel they are missing themselves; the fulfillment of desire is often the filling of a lack, or "hole," in the person's sense of self. Because the object of desire is sought to "complete" the person, he or she is actually dependent on the object of desire for his or her sense of self(Major Themes)

　the desire of the characters in Salome testifies to their powerlessness; their rejection by the objects of their desire confirms their sense of incompleteness. Most of the action in the play is taken to remedy, obscure, or avenge, such unfulfilled desires(Major Themes)

　In each case, the character's awareness that his or her affection is unrequited is a moment of profound sorrow and, in the cases of Salome, Iokaanan, and the Young Syrian, the situation leads to death.

　The monologue of King Herod just preceding the Dance of the Seven Veils (Wilde, 50-53) demonstrates the depth of the King's desperate neuroses. While his intention is to implore Salome to dance for him, Herod ends up delivering a capricious, repetitious, and intensely self-conscious monologue. He leaps between symbols, similes, metaphors, and…

　(Herod's "Dance Monologue": The Manifestation of Sexual Neuroses through Symbolic Language

　By Anonymous - April 04, 2006)

　About Salome

　Oscar Wilde's one-act play, Salome, is a loose interpretation of the account of the beheading of St. John the Baptist in the 1st century A.D. as recorded in the New Testament (Gospel of Mark 6:15-29 and Gospel of Matthew 14:1-12). While Salome is in fact a minor character in the biblical tale, she was the focus of fascination for many late 19th-century artists, who found in her character a unique vehicle for exploring the shifting significance of female sexuality. Wilde's treatment of Salome extends this focus, portraying the Judaic princess as the main reason for the beheading of John the Baptist. While the New Testament depicts Salome as a pawn of her mother's plan to eliminate the prophet, Wilde re-imagines John's execution as the direct and deliberate result of Salome's unrequited sexual desire for him.

　 Many suspected that the play's erotic (if not homoerotic) subtext was at issue, but at least nominally, Salome was banned according to a longstanding policy against representing biblical characters on the English stage.

　The scandal surrounding Wilde's arrest in 1895 seemed to herald the end of Salome,

　Most remarkable, however, is Salome's still-growing importance to contemporary literary criticism and history. While earlier criticism on Wilde focused on his comic plays, modern scholars are revisiting Salome as a unique distillation of the provocative sexual politics of the decadent era. Feminist critics have been particularly intrigued by Wilde's treatment of Salome as a sexually desiring heroine, while others have pointed out the homoerotic desire through which some of the play's action unfolds. Beardsley's accompanying images, a radical departure from typical late-Victorian illustration, are often cited as one of the first and greatest examples of Art Deco design.

　(AboutSalome,/salome/study-guide/about/)

　当时的英国是有明文规定绝对禁止改

　编圣经中的人物的。而王尔德的这一不顾禁令将《圣经》中美丽少

　女的故事进行改编的举动必将为他原本就跌宕起伏的人生更添了

　一份波浪, 娜乐美》那悲剧性的结局似乎也在暗示他自己最终的命运。

　The id is... the primary source of all psychic energy. It functions to fulfill the primordial life principle,

　Without consciousness or semblance of rational order, the id is characterized by a tremendous and amorphous vitality.

　Speaking metaphorically, Freud explains this "obscure inaccessible part of our personality" as "a chaos, a cauldrory of seething excitement [with] no orginization and no unified will, only an impulsion to obtain satisfaction for the instinctual needs,(103-4)

　He further stresses that the "law of logic-above all, the ;law of contradiction-do not hold for processes of the id. Contradictory impulses exist side by side without neutralizing each other or drawing apart....Naturally, the id knows no values, no good and evil , no morality"(104-5)

　The id , in short, the source of all our aggressions and desires. It is lawless, asocial, and amoral. Its function is to gratify our instincts for pleasure without regard for social conventions,legal ethics, or moral restraint.

　Unchecked, it will lead us to any lengths-to destruction and even self-destruction-to satisfy its impulse for pleasure.

　Safety for the self and for others does not lie within the province of the id; its concern is purely for instinctal gratification, needless of consequences

　whose id has not yet been brought under control by ego and superego

　certain uncontrolled impulse toward pleasure that often lead to excessive self-indulgence and even to self-injury.

　"The Aesthetes developed the cult of beauty, which they considered the basic factor in art. Life should copy Art, they asserted. They considered nature as crude and lacking in design when compared to art. The main characteristics of the movement were: suggestion rather than statement, sensuality, massive use of symbols, and synaesthetic effects—that is, correspondence between words, colours and music. It was the music that set the mood"（Aestheticism).

　 Wilde's "I can resist anything except temptation"

　 ---With the time going on, "During the twentieth century, however, psychological criticism has come to be associated with a particular school of thought:the psycholanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers."(6.p126)

　"The foundation of Freud's contribution to modern pschology is his emphasis on the unconscious aspects of the human psyche."(6p127)

　"like the iceberg, the human mind is structured so that it's great weight and density lie beneath the surface（below the level of consciousness)."(6p127)

　"freud furtherr emphasize the importance of the unconscious by pointing out that even the " most conscious prosesses are conscious for only a shor period; quite soon they become latent, though they can easily bacome conscious again"(100)."（6p128）

　"Freud defines two kinds of unconscious:

　 One which is transformed into conscious material easily and under conditions which frequently arise, and another in the case of which a considerable expenditure of energy, or may never occur at all.... We call the unconscious which is only latent ,and so can easily become conscious, the"preconscious",and keep the name "unconscious" for the other.（101）”

　“That most of the individual's metal processes are unconscious "(6p128)

　Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde was born in 16 October 1854 in the family of the successful Dublin intellectuals and he was tutored at home in his early age and matriculated to university when he was 17. He was deeply interested in the aestheticism and became one of the best representatives of aestheticism and for the school of "Art for art's sake" in Britain. As a great dramatist in the 1890s, wilde broke the traditional way of th well-made play of the past 20 years. He revealed the corruption ,snobbery and hypocrisy of the upper-class society through his plays to show his satirical attitude towards it. Amost all his literary writings are connected with his art theory and his life experience.

　Aestheticism is a kind of rising philosophy which led by Walter Pater and John Ruskin. The Aesthetic Movement , a European movement ,took place from around 1868 to 1901 and ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde, which emphasized aesthetic values and overlooked moral or social values in literature and other art forms .It believed that the life intimates the art . In fact it was an anti-Victorian reaction .

　Wilde's renowned works includes :The Picture of Dorian Gray, Lady Windermere's Fan, A Woman of No Importance, An Ideal Husband, The Importance of Being Earnest, among which Salome is the only tragedy

　"Salome (French name: Salomé ) is an one-act tragedy taken from the Bible by Oscar Wilde. It was first writen in French in 1891. The play tells story of Salome, a stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipas, desired the head of Jokanaan (John the Baptist) by dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils for her step-father. In this tragedy, Salome is portrayed by Wilde as a femme fatale, who owns magnificent and irresistent attraction of beauty.

　Many research studies have been carried out on the topic of the image and theme .However, these studies do not provide much attention to the connection between Wilde and his female figure ,Salome. The scope of this research lies in the aim of exploring the reflection of Wilde's aesthericism on Salome in order to achieve the new approach of understanding Wilde and his tragic life.

　The chief body of this thesis is divided into 3 parts. Part 1 states the biblical origine of Salome and the aim of Wilde's recreation of it as a play .Part 2 focuses on the Aestheticism and the it's embodiment in Wilde's Salome. by portraiting Salome. Part 3 presents the relationship between Wilde and his portrait of salome according to his own life experience from which this thesis tries to illustrate a true Wilde by his female figure Salome

　Part 1 the Bible and Salome

　"Salome the Daughter of Herodias (c AD 14 - between 62 and 71), is known from the New Testament. Christian traditions depict her as an icon of dangerous female seductiveness, for instance depicting as erotic her dance mentioned in the New Testament ,or concentrate on her lighthearted and cold foolishness that, according to the gospels, led to John the Baptist's death.

　(/wiki/Salome_(play))

　The 1891 census records the Wildes' residence at 16 Tite Street,[81] where he lived with his wife Constance and sons. Wilde though, not content with being more well-known than ever in London, returned to Paris in October 1891, this time as a respected writer. He was received at the salons littéraires, including the famous mardis of Stéphane Mallarmé, a renowned symbolist poet of the time.[82] Wilde's two plays during the 1880s, Vera; or, The Nihilists and The Duchess of Padua, had not met with much success. He had continued his interest in the theatre and now, after finding his voice in prose, his thoughts turned again to the dramatic form as the biblical iconography of Salome filled his head.[83] One evening, after discussing depicitions of Salome throughout history, he returned to his hotel to notice a blank copybook lying on the desk, and it occurred to him to write down what he had been saying. He wrote a new play, Salome, rapidly and in French.[84] A tragedy, it tells the story of Salome, the stepdaughter of the tetrarch Herod Antipas, who, to her stepfather's dismay but mother's delight, requests the head of Jokanaan (John the Baptist) on a silver platter as a reward for dancing the Dance of the Seven Veils. When Wilde returned to London just before Christmas the Paris Echo, a newspaper, referred to him as "le great event" of the season.[85] Rehearsals of the play, including Sarah Bernhardt, began but the play was refused a licence by the Lord Chamberlain, since it depicted biblical characters.[86] Salome was published jointly in Paris and London in 1893, but was not performed until 1896 in Paris, during Wilde's later incarceration.[87

　(/wiki/Oscar_Wilde)

　Many view Wilde's Salomé as a superb composite of earlier treatments of the theme overlaid with Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck's characteristic methodical diction. Although the "kissing of the head" element was used in Heine and even Heywood's production, Wilde's ingenuity was to move it to the play's climax. While his debts are undeniable, there are some interesting contributions in Wilde's treatment, most notably being his persistent use of parallels between Salomé and the moon.

　Alice Guszalewiczas Salomé in the Richard Strauss opera, circa 1910. Richard Ellmann misidentified this in his 1987 book as of Oscar Wilde himself, the error being corrected in 1992.[3]

　Scholars like Nassaar point out that Wilde employs a number of the images favored by Israel's kingly poets and that the moon is meant to suggest the pagan goddess Cybele, who, like Salomé, was obsessed with preserving her virginity and thus took pleasure in destroying male sexuality.[citation needed

　(/wiki/Salome_(play))

　Part 2

　The artists and writers of the Aesthetic movement tended to hold that the Arts should provide refined sensuous pleasure, rather than convey moral or sentimental messagesAs a consequence, they did not accept John Ruskin and Matthew Arnold's utilitarian conception of art as something moral or useful. Instead, they believed that Art did not have any didactic purpose; it need only be beautiful. The Aesthetes developed the cult of beauty, which they considered the basic factor in art. Life should copy Art, they asserted. They considered nature as crude and lacking in design when compared to art. The main characteristics of the movement were: suggestion rather than statement, sensuality, massive use of symbols, and synaesthetic effects—that is, correspondence between words, colours and music. It was the music that set the mood."

　Aestheticism was "a philosophical movement which formed as a cultural reaction against positivism in the early 20th century",which concentrated on the experience of one's own existence instead of the importance of the rationality of human beings.

　Part of the movements involved claims that science was inferior to intuition. In this project, art was given an especially high place, as it was considered the gateway to the noumenon. The movement was not widely accepted by the public, as the social system generally limited access of the art to the elite (ie. a "Mandarin elitism").

　(/wiki/Aestheticism)

　 Zhang Boxiang,A Course Book OF English Literature(Revised Edition) volume Two,Wuhan University Press,2005.

　 SALOMé ,A Tragedy in One Act , Oscar Wilde

　Luo Xuanmin Appreciation of English and American Literature(Fiction $Drama), Tsinghua University Press，2006.

　Kirszner and Mandell. Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing (Drama & Writing about Literature). Fifth edition. Peking University Press, 2006.

　 Mary klages, Literature Theory: A Guide for the Perplexed, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2009

　Wilfred L. Guerin, Earle Labor, Lee Morgan, Jeanne C. Reesman, John R. Willingham,A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature, Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, Oxford University Press.2010.

　Martin Coyle, Peter Carside, Malcolm Lelsall, John Peck, Encyclopedia of literature and criticism,London, 1990.

　M.H. Abrams, General Editor, The Norton Anthology Of English Literarture Sixth Edition, Volume 2, Class of 1916 Professor of English Emeritus Corneu University, WW. Norton & Company, New York, London.

　"Aestheticism", Online Posting.5 December 2010

　</wiki/Aestheticism>

　"Major-themes."Online Posting. 1999-2010

　</salome/study-guide/major-themes/>

　"About Salome." Online Posting.1999-2010 </salome/study-guide/about/>

　12.Freud, Sigmund. "The Anatomy of the Mental Personanlity." New introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. New york: Norton, 1964.---.The ego and the Id. New York: Norton, 1962.

　13"Biography of Oscar Wilde(1854-1900)." Online Posting.1999-2010

　</author/oscar-wilde/>

　"Oscar Wilde."Online Posting.2 December 2010 .

　</wiki/Oscar_Wilde>

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